Extract – A Summary of Charles Taylor’s Secularisation Thesis
September 28, 2017
Charles Taylor reminds us that secularisation has several meanings – you can be a secular society where church and state are rigidly divided (as in the USA) and yet still have a high incidence of religious practice.Taylor believes that what is at fault with the Enlightenment vision of progress is the theory of secularisation that lies behind it. It is a “subtraction” theory of secularisation – the idea that what science has achieved in the modern world is a stripping away of needless, primitive superstitions revealing the essential, rational core of humankind. This is wrong. Rather, says Taylor, secularisation is a paradigm shift. Its origins lie within religion itself, particularly in the Reformation drive to collapse the difference between the “higher flourishing”, implicit in the religious lives of monks and priests, and the ‘lower flourishing’ of lay people engaged in everyday life.Deep down, Secularism, he charges, has left us leading hollow, atomised lives, devoid of what he calls “fullness”. PB
Some of this complexity has been captured in the recent work by Charles Taylor, A Secular Age.
Taylor begins his account with a carefully nuanced account of secularisation, distinguishing three distinct meanings that can be given to the term secularisation.
These are:
(1) the withdrawal of God from “public spaces”, for example through the separation of Church and state;
(2) a decline in religious practice; and
(3) “a move from a society where belief in God is unchallenged and indeed, unproblematic, to one in which it is understood to be one option among others, and frequently not the easiest to embrace.”9
Of course many analyses of secularisation are less differentiated than this and tend to lump different elements together. In this work Taylor is responding to two distinct readings of the rise of secularisation. The first reading views the rise of secularisation as a clear sign of decline, a falling away from religious belief and practice, and a collapse into moral relativism and social and cultural decay.
This type of reading is common among Church figures who seek to promote a return to the past, where religious belief went hand in hand with strong moral and cultural norms. They tend to focus on the decline of God’s presence in the public sphere and bemoan the falling away of religious practice. The second and opposed reading can be found among the proponents of secularisation who view it as a narrative of progress, a sloughing off of the constraints of the past, particularly religious constraints which are viewed as so much superstition, ignorance and fanaticism. The dead hand of tradition is replaced by the march of progress driven by science and technology.
These readings focus on the decline in religious practice as a natural consequence of science and modernisation. Taylor refers to these as “subtraction stories”, stories which view the rise of the modern world in terms of liberation from “certain earlier confining horizons.”11 Taylor rejects both these readings of the rise of secularisation, and develops a different narrative for its rise as involving elements both of decline and progress. He wants to uncover the moral core at the heart of the rise of secularisation, a moral core which itself emerges from within the Christian tradition. Far from being an alien growth, the progressive elements in the rise of secularisation have deeply Christian roots.
As Taylor notes, a society can be secular in the sense of (1) but still have relatively high rates of religious practice, as for example in the USA, and so not display secularisation in the sense of (2). However, what is of most concern for his analysis is the third sense:
“the change I want to define and trace is one which takes us from a society in which it was virtually impossible not to believe in God, to one in which faith, even for the staunchest believer, is one possibility among others … Belief in God is no longer axiomatic. There are alternatives.”10
This is particularly evident in its appeal to the criteria of authenticity and interiority. Both have strongly Christian antecedents in the unfolding of a modern sense of identity.12 In this way he seeks to counter a reading which views the present situation simply in terms of decline. On the other hand he argues against subtraction stories of modernity by noting that decline in religious practice is not uniform, and is not a necessary consequence of the emergence of modern science. Neither condemnation nor outright praise is appropriate, rather what is needed is a nuanced account of the dynamics which have led to the present and will continue to shape our future.
References
5 Milbank, Theology and Social Theory, 406‐
6 For an excellent account of key twentieth century Catholic debates on the issue see Stephen Duffy, The Graced Horizon: Nature and Grace in Modern Catholic Thought (Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 1992). 7 Harvey Gallagher Cox, The Secular City: Secularisation and Urbanization in Theological Perspective, 25th Anniversary ed. (New York: Collier Books, 1990). 8 Charles Taylor, A Secular Age (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007). 9 Ibid, 3. AEJT 17 (December 2010) Neil Ormerod / Secularism and the “Rise” of Atheism 15
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