1. The Supply Curve

2. Demand in Product/Output Markets From Household Demand To Market Demand Deriving Market Demand from Individual Demand Curves Total demand in the marketplace is simply the sum of the demands of all the households shopping in a particular market. It is the sum of all the individual demand curves—that is, the sum of all the individual quantities demanded at each price. ££ £ £ £3. 50

3. Supply in Product/Output Markets Price and Quantity Supplied: The Law of Supply quantity supplied The amount of a particular product that a firm would be willing and able to offer for sale at a particular price during a given time period. supply schedule A table showing how much of a product firms will sell at different prices.

4. Supply in Product/Output Markets Price and Quantity Supplied: The Law of Supply law of supply The positive relationship between price and quantity of a good supplied: An increase in market price will lead to an increase in quantity supplied, and a decrease in market price will lead to a decrease in quantity supplied. supply curve A graph illustrating how much of a product a firm will sell at different prices.

5. Supply in Product/Output Markets Clarence Brown’s Individual Supply Curve A producer will supply more when the price of output is higher. The slope of a supply curve is positive. Note that the supply curve is red: Supply is determined by choices made by firms. Clarence Brown’s Supply Schedule for Soybeans Price (Per Bushel) Quantity Supplied (Bushels Per Year) £1.50 0 1.75 10,000 2.25 20,000 3.00 30,000 4.00 45,000 5.00 45,000 £

6. Supply in Product/Output Markets Other Determinants Of Supply The Cost Of Production In order for a firm to make a profit, its revenue must exceed its costs. Cost of production depends on a number of factors, including the available technologies and the prices and quantities of the inputs needed by the firm (labour, land, capital, energy, and so on).

7. Supply in Product/Output Markets Other Determinants Of Supply The Prices of Related Products Assuming that its objective is to maximize profits, a firms decision about what quantity of output, or product, to supply depends on: 1. The price of the good or service. 2. The cost of producing the product, which in turn depends on: The price of required inputs (labor, capital, and land). The technologies that can be used to produce the product. 3. The prices of related products.

8. Supply in Product/Output Markets Shift of Supply versus Movement Along a Supply Curve movement along a supply curve The change in quantity supplied brought about by a change in price. shift of a supply curve The change that takes place in a supply curve corresponding to a new relationship between quantity supplied of a good and the price of that good. The shift is brought about by a change in the original conditions.

9. Supply in Product/Output Markets Shift of the Supply Curve or Soybeans Following Development of a New Seed Strain When the price of a product changes, we move along the supply curve for that product; the quantity supplied rises or falls. When any other factor affecting supply changes, the supply curve shifts. Shift of Supply versus Movement Along a Supply Curve Shift of Supply Schedule for Soybeans Following Development of a New Disease- Resistant Seed Strain SCHEDULE D0 SCHEDULE D1 Price (per Bushel) Quantity Supplied (Bushels per Year Using Old Seed) Quantity Supplied (Bushels per Year Using New Seed) £1.50 0 5,000 1.75 10,000 23,000 2.25 20,000 33,000 3.00 30,000 40,000 4.00 45,000 54,000 5.00 45,000 54,000 £

10. Supply in Product/Output Markets Shift of Supply versus Movement Along a Supply Curve As with demand, it is very important to distinguish between movements along supply curves (changes in quantity supplied) and shifts in supply curves (changes in supply): Change in price of a good or service leads to: Change in quantity supplied (movement along a supply curve). Change in income, preferences, or prices of other goods or services leads to: Change in supply (shift of a supply curve).

11. Supply in Product/Output Markets From Individual Supply to Market Supply The sum of all that is supplied each period by all producers of a single product.

12. Supply in Product/Output Markets From Individual Supply to Market Supply Deriving Market Supply from Individual Firm Supply Curves Total supply in the marketplace is the sum of all the amounts supplied by all the firms selling in the market. It is the sum of all the individual quantities supplied at each price. £ £ £ £ £3.00

13. Demand and Supply in Product Markets: A Review Why Do the Prices of Newspapers Rise? In 2006, the average price for a daily edition of a local newspaper was 50p. In 2007, the average price had risen to 75p.

14. Looking Ahead: Markets and the Allocation of Resources You can already begin to see how markets answer the basic economic questions of what is produced, how it is produced, and who gets what is produced. • Demand curves reflect what people are willing and able to pay for products; demand curves are influenced by incomes, wealth, preferences, prices of other goods, and expectations. • Firms in business to make a profit have a good reason to choose the best available technology—lower costs mean higher profits. • When a good is in short supply, price rises. As it does, those who are willing and able to continue buying do so; others stop buying.

15. Key Terms • capital market • complements, complementary goods • demand curve • demand schedule • entrepreneur • equilibrium • excess demand or shortage • excess supply or surplus • factors of production • firm • households • income • inferior goods • input or factor markets • labour market • land market • law of demand • law of supply • market demand • market supply • movement along a demand curve • movement along a supply curve • normal goods • perfect substitutes • product or output markets • profit • quantity demanded • quantity supplied • shift of a demand curve • shift of a supply curve • substitutes • supply curve • supply schedule • wealth or net worth